3. CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG (THE PASSIVE VOICE)
a. Giới thiệu chung
Trong Tiếng Anh, câu có thể được thể hiện ở dạng chủ động hoặc bị động. Trong câu chủ động, chủ ngữ thực hiện hành động là tác nhân của hành động và là điểm nhấn trong câu. Trong câu bị động, chủ ngữ chịu sự tác động của hành động và điểm nhấn trong câu là hành động.
VD: Chủ động: The new executive committee approved the new policy.
Bị động: The new policy was approved by the executive committee.
b. Hình thức
Subject + Be + Past Participle
| Các thời | Hình thức bị động | Ví dụ | |
| 1 | Thời hiện tại đơn | am/ is/ are + PII | She takes the books. → The books are taken by her. |
| 2 | Thời hiện tại tiếp diễn | am/ is/ are + being + PII | The pupils are doing the exercises. → The exercises are being done by the pupils. |
| 3 | Thời quá khứ đơn | was/ were + PII | The flood destroyed hundreds of houses last year. → Hundreds of houses were destroyed last year. |
| 4 | Thời quá khứ tiếp diễn | was/ were + being + PII | The committee was considering some new projects. → Some new projects were being considered by the committee. |
| 5 | Thời tương lai đơn | will/ shall + be + PII | We will see you off tomorrow. → You will be seen off tomorrow. |
| 6 | Thời tương lai gần | am/ is/ are + going to be + PII | Are you going to send these letters to your friends? → Are these letters going to be sent to your friends? |
| 7 | Thời tương lai hoàn thành | will + have + been + PII | The students will have written many compositions. → Many compositions will have been written by the students. |
| 8 | Thời hiện tại hoàn thành | have/ has + been + PII | The factory has bought several equipment. → Several equipment has been bought by the factory. |
| 9 | Thời quá khứ hoàn thành | had + been + PII | She had cooked dinner before I came. → Dinner had been cooked before I came. |
| 10 | Động từ khuyết thiếu | can/ could/ should/ may/ might/ + be + PII | You should close the window. → The window should be closed. |
| 11 | Các cấu trúc hoàn thành đi với động từ khuyết thiếu | can/ could/ should/ may/ might + have + been + PII | He should have lent me his bicycle. → I should have been lent his bicycle. |
Chú ý:
- Đối với động từ make
VD: Chủ động: They made him do it. (make sb do st)
Bị động: He was made to do it. (be made to do st)
- Đối với động từ let
VD: Chủ động: They let the criminal go away yesterday. (let sb do st)
Bị động: The criminal was allowed to go yesterday.
VD: Chủ động: She let people tease her.
Bị động: She let herself be teased.
- Đối với động từ have
VD: Chủ động: They have Mary translate this letter into English (have sb do st)
Bị động: They have this letter translated into English by Mary. (have st done)
- Đối với động từ get
VD: Chủ động: My mother gets me to bring the chairs into the room. (get sb to do st)
Bị động: My mother gets the chairs brought into the room. (get st done)
- Đối với cách sử dụng của nguyên mẫu
VD: Chủ động: There is a lot of work to do today.
Bị động: There is a lot of work to be done today.
- Đối với cách sử dụng của danh động từ
VD: Chủ động: She disliked her boyfriend cheating her.
Bị động: She disliked being cheated by her boyfriend.
- Đối với các câu mệnh lệnh
VD: Chủ động: Come in, please!
Bị động: You are requested to come in.
- Đối với các động từ say, think, believe, consider, report, know, expect, understand.
Chủ động:
Subject 1 + Verb 1 (argue/ believe/ claim/ hope/ say/ think...) + that + Subject 2 + Verb 2
VD: People say that she is a good teacher.
People believe that he has been to China twice.
Đối với cấu trúc như trên ta có hai cách chuyển sang bị động:
+ Dùng chủ ngữ hình thức It
It + Be + argued/ believed/ hoped/ claimed/ said/ thought + that + Subject 2 + Verb 2
VD: Chủ động: People say that he is an engineer.
Bị động: It is said that he is an engineer.
VD: Chủ động: People believe that he has been to China twice.
Bị động: It is believed that he has been to China twice.
+ Dùng chủ ngữ thứ hai
* Nếu động từ thứ nhất (Verb 1) và động từ thứ hai (Verb 2) cùng thời
Subject 2 + Be + argued/ believed/ hoped/ claimed/ said/ thought + to + Verb 2
VD: Chủ động: They think she is the best pupil.
Bị động: She is thought to be the best pupil.
* Nếu động từ thứ nhất (Verb 1) và động từ thứ hai (Verb 2 ) khác thời
Subject 2 + Be + argued/ believed/ hoped/ claimed/ said/ thought + to + have + Verb 2 (PII)
VD: Chủ động: People believe that Mr. Nam died of car accident.
Bị động: Mr. Nam is believed to have died of car accident.
Chú ý:
- Nếu động từ thứ nhất (Verb 1) ở thời hiện tại đơn, động từ thứ 2 (Verb 2) ở thời hiện tại tiếp diễn
Subject 2 + Be + argued/ believed/ hoped/ claimed/ said/ thought + to be + V-ing
VD: Chủ động: People think that he is living in Hanoi.
Bị động: He is thought to be living in Hanoi.
- Nếu động từ thứ nhất (Verb 1) ở thời hiện tại đơn, động từ thứ 2 (Verb 2) ở thời tương lai đơn
Subject 2 + Be + argued/ believed/ hoped/ claimed/ said/ thought + to + Verb 2
VD: Chủ động: People think that he will become a good doctor.
Bị động: He is thought to become a good doctor.
- Dùng tân ngữ của câu chủ động làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động.
Chủ động:
Subject + Verb (advise/ beg/ urge/ recommend/ order...) + Indirect object + Infinitive + Object
VD: They advised the authority to widen the road.
Bị động:
Subject + Verb ( advise/ beg/ urge/ recommend/ order...) + that + object + should + be + PII
VD: The authority was advised to widen the road.
They advised that the road should be widened by the authority.
Chủ động:
Subject + Verb (agree/ be anxious/ arrange/ be determined/ determine/ decide/ demand) + Object + Infinitive + Object
VD: They determined to protect the environment in this city.
Bị động:
Subject + Verb (agree/ be anxious/ arrange/ be determined/ determine/ decide/ demand...) + that + Object + Should + Be + PII
VD: They determined that the environment in this city should be protected.
Chủ động:
Subject + Verb (advise/ insist/ propose/ recommend/ suggest) + Gerund + Object
VD: They recommended carrying out this project early.
Bị động:
Subject + Verb (advise/ insist/ propose/ recommend/ suggest) + that + Object + Should + Be + PII
VD: They recommended that this project should be carried out early.
- Bị động kép (Double Passive)
VD: Chủ động: My girlfriend is expecting me to interest myself in the beautiful gift she has offered me on my birthday.
Bị động: I am being expected to be interested in the beautiful gift I have been offered by my girlfriend on my birthday.
- Các động từ tri giác (Verbs of Sensation)
Các động từ tri giác như: hear, see, watch, look at, notice... có hai trường hợp đi kèm: Danh động từ và Động từ nguyên thể không có to khi đi với thể chủ động. Nhưng khi đi với thể bị động thì có sự thay đổi như sau:
VD: Chủ động: They heard him cry too loudly.
Bị động: He was heard to cry too loudly.
VD: Chủ động: They heard him crying too loudly.
Bị động: He was heard crying too loudly.
- Giới từ với các động từ trong câu bị động.
VD: Chủ động: We must write to him.
Bị động: He must be written to.
Bài tập luyện.
Exercise 24. Choose the correct answer.
1. The current constitutional problem is ... by the top legal minds in the country.
A. studying
B. being studying
C. being studied
D. been studied
2. Today, many serious childhood diseases ... by early immunization.
A. are preventing
B. can prevent
C. prevent
D. can be prevented
3. About 15,000 years ago, Northern Wisconsin ... under ice mile deep.
A. buried
B. was burying
C. was buried
D. had buried
4. " ... about the eight o'clock flight to Chicago?" - "Not yet."
A. Has been an announcement made
B. Has an announcement made
C. Has an announcement been made
D. Has been made an announcement
5. The man died because medical help was not summoned. A doctor should ... immediately.
A. have called
B. be called
C. called
D. have been called
6. A shortage of water is a problem in many parts of the world. In some areas, water ... from the ground faster than nature can replenish the supply.
A. is being taken
B. has been taken
C. is taking
D. has taken
7. They expect the plan will be landing soon.
The plane is expected ... soon.
A. to lend
B. to have landed
C. to be landing
D. to have been landing
8. The optician is testing her eyes. What is she doing?
She is ...
A. having her eyes test
B. having her eyes tested
C. having her eyes been testing
D. having her eyes been tested
9. A journalist is going to cover the story.
The story ... by a journalist.
A. is going to cover
B. is being covered
C. is going to be covered
D. is covering
10. Someone cleans my house every week.
I ... every week.
A. have my house clean
B. have my house to clean
C. have my house cleaned
D. have my house cleaning
11. Sam remembers his friend telling him about the party.
Sam remembers ... the party by his friend.
A. to be told about
B. being told about
C. to have been told about
D. having been told about
12. When she heard that her dog ..., she burst into tears.
A. have been killed
B. had been killed
C. was killed
D. had been killing
13. We hope that the missing money ... soon.
A. will find
B. will have been found
C. will be found
D. is found
14. A lot of money ... on weapons nowadays.
A. is being spent
B. has been spent
C. is spent
D. has been spending
Exercise 25. Choose the sentence that has the closest meaning to the given one.
1. He is sure to ask you some questions.
A. Some questions are sure to be asked you.
B. Some questions are sure to ask you.
C. You are sure to be asked you some questions.
D. You are sure to be asked some questions.
2. She has had Hai and Lien translate the letters into Chinese.
A. She has had Hai and Lien translated the letters into Chinese.
B. She has had the letters to be translated into Chinese by Hai and Lien.
C. She has had the letters translated into Chinese by Hai and Lien.
D. Hai and Lien have had the letters translated into Chinese.
3. They saw the children skipping in the school yard.
A. They saw skipping was played by the children in the school yard.
B. They saw skipping being played by the children in the school yard.
C. The children were seen to play skipping in the school yard.
D. The children were seen skipping in the school yard.
4. We remembered our parents taking us to the My Khe beach last summer.
A. We were remembered taking to the My Khe beach by our parents last summer.
B. We were remembered being taken to the My Khe beach by our parents last summer.
C. We remembered being taken to the My Khe beach by our parents last summer.
D. We remembered taken to the My Khe beach by our parents last summer.
5. People believe that Miss Phuong is the most beautiful girl in this city.
A. Miss Phuong is believed the most beautiful girl in this city.
B. Miss Phuong is believed to be the most beautiful girl in this city.
C. It is believed that Miss Phuong is the most beautiful girl in this city.
D. B and C are correct.
6. People believe that the wanted man is living in New York.
A. It is believed that in New York is being lived by the wanted man.
B. The wanted man is believed is living in New York.
C. The wanted man is believed to be living in New York.
D. That the wanted man is believed to be living in New York.
7. We decided to sell the old car.
A. We decided that the old car should be sold.
B. The old car was decided to be sold.
C. The old car decided to be sold by us.
D. To sell the old car was decided by us.
8. Her parents made her study very hard for the exam.
A. She was made study very hard for the exam by her parents.
B. She was made to study very hard for her exam by her parents.
C. Her study was made very hard by her parents for the exam.
D. Her study very hard for the exam was made by her parents.
9. The athlete has shown much better results since this coach has trained him.
A. Much better results has been shown by the athlete since he has been trained by the coach.
B. Much better results have been shown by the athlete since he has been trained by the coach.
C. Much better results have been shown by the athlete since he has trained by the coach.
D. Much better results have shown by the athlete since he has been trained by the coach.
10. Vinh had his brother fix the ball yesterday.
A. Vinh had the ball to fix yesterday by his brother.
B. Vinh had the ball fixed by his brother yesterday.
C. Vinh got the ball fix yesterday by his brother.
D. The ball was fixed by Vinh had his brother yesterday.
11. I will have answered all the business letters by noon.
A. All the business letters will have answered by noon.
B. All the business letters will have been answered by noon.
C. All the business letters will have to be answered by noon.
D. All the business letters will have been answering by noon.