4. CÂU NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
4.1. Giới thiệu chung
a. Sự thay đổi về tình huống: Những câu được nói ở một nơi này, bởi một người này có thể sẽ được nhắc lại ở một nơi khác, bởi một người khác. Vì lý do đó nên ta thấy có sự thay đổi về tình huống và ngữ pháp trong câu trực tiếp và câu gián tiếp.
b. Sự thay đổi về thì:
| Câu trực tiếp | Câu gián tiếp |
| Thời hiện tại đơn VD: "I never eat meat." he explained. | Thời quá khứ đơn VD: He explained that he never ate meat. |
| Thời hiện tại tiếp diễn VD: " I'm waiting for Ann.' he said. | Thời quá khứ tiếp diễn VD: He said that he was waiting for Ann. |
| Thời hiện tại hoàn thành VD: "I have found a flat." he said. | Thời quá khứ hoàn thành VD: He said that he had found a flat. |
| Thời hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn VD: He said "I've been waiting for ages". | Thời quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn VD: He said that he had been waiting for ages. |
| Thời quá khứ đơn VD: "I took it home with me", he said. | Thời quá khứ hoàn thành VD: He said that he had taken it home with him. |
| Thời tương lai đơn VD: He said, "I will be in Paris". | Thời tương lai trong quá khứ VD: He said he would be in Paris. |
| Thời quá khứ hoàn thành | Thời quá khứ hoàn thành |
| Can May Must | Could Might Had to |
c. Sự thay đổi về trang từ hoặc cụm trạng từ chỉ thời gian và địa điểm.
| Câu trực tiếp | Câu gián tiếp |
| today/ tonight yesterday the day before yesterday tomorrow the day after tomorrow next week/ year last week/ year a year ago now here this these | that day/ that night the day before two days before the next day / the following day / the day after in two days' time the following/ next week / year the previous week/ year a year before/ the previous year then / at once / immediately there that those |
d. Sự thay đổi về trạng từ và tính từ sở hữu:
Sự thay đổi về người nói có thể dẫn tới sự thay đổi về đại từ và tính từ sở hữu.
VD: Câu trực tiếp: I saw Penny at the theatre a couple of days.
Câu gián tiếp: He said he had seen Penny at the theatre a couple of days.
4.2. Các loại câu gián tiếp: Có 4 loại câu gián tiếp:
* Câu trần thuật gián tiếp
* Câu mệnh lệnh và yêu cầu gián tiếp
* Câu hỏi gián tiếp
* Câu cảm thán gián tiếp
4.2.1. Câu trần thuật gián tiếp:
S + said (to sb)/ told + sb (that) + STATEMENT.
VD: Câu trực tiếp: I saw her the day before yesterday.
Câu gián tiếp: He said he had seen her two days before.
Câu trực tiếp: I'll do it tomorrow.
Câu gián tiếp: She promised that she would do it the next day.
Câu trực tiếp: I'm starting the day after tomorrow.
Câu gián tiếp: He told his mother that he was starting in two days' time.
4.2.2. Câu mệnh lệnh và yêu cầu gián tiếp:
S + told/ ordered/ asked/ begged/ warned + tân ngữ + to / not to + V (động từ nguyên thể).
VD: Câu trực tiếp: Get your coat, Tom.
Câu gián tiếp: She told Tom to get his coat.
Câu trực tiếp: Don't swim out too far, boys.
Câu gián tiếp: I warned the boys not to swim out too far.
4.2.3. Câu hỏi gián tiếp:
* Câu hỏi không có từ để hỏi/ Câu hỏi trả lời Có/ Không:
S + asked/ wondered + if / whether + STATEMENT.
VD: Câu trực tiếp: Did you see the accident?
Câu gián tiếp: The policeman asked if I had seen the accident.
Câu trực tiếp: Will you be here tomorrow?
Câu gián tiếp: He wondered whether she would be there the next day.
* Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi:
S + asked / wanted to know + question word + STATEMENT.
VD: Câu trực tiếp: When shall I know the result of the test?
Câu gián tiếp: She asked when she would know the result of the test.
4.2.4. Câu cảm thán gián tiếp:
S + exclaimed that + STATEMENT.
VD: Câu trực tiếp: “What an ugly girl!” he said.
Câu gián tiếp: He exclaimed that the girl was so ugly.
4.2.5. Một số cấu trúc câu gián tiếp khác thường sử dụng:
To request/ ask sb (not) to do st
VD: Câu trực tiếp:
"Can/ Could you stop giving us the homework?”
"Will you please stop ...?"
"Do/ Would you mind stopping ...?”
"Would you be kind enough/ so kind as to stop ...?"
"I wonder if you could possibly stop..."
Câu gián tiếp: My pupil requested me to stop giving them any homework.
To advise sb (not) to do st
VD: Câu trực tiếp: “You should go to the spa”.
"You had better go to the spa”.
"If I were you, I would go to the spa”.
"Why don't you go to the spa".
"My advice to you is go to the spa”.
"You ought to/ must go to the spa."
Câu gián tiếp: My pupil strongly advised me to go to the spa.
To remind sb to do st
VD: Câu trực tiếp: “Don't forget to bring some pocket money with you.
"Remember to bring some pocket money with you,” my mother said.
Câu gián tiếp: My mom reminded me to bring some pocket money with me.
To beg sb (not) to do st
VD: Câu trực tiếp: “Please, please, don't hit me."
Câu gián tiếp: The son begged his mom not to hit him.
Warn sb (not) to do st
VD: Câu trực tiếp: “Keep an eye on your money. This room is full of thieves."
Câu gián tiếp: A roommate warned me to keep an eye on my money as that room was full of thieves.
Encourage / urge sb to do st
VD: Câu trực tiếp: “Go on. Take part in the contest.”
Câu gián tiếp: Pat's mom encouraged her to take part in the contest.
To invite sb to do st
• To accept st/ the invitation - To agree to do st
• To refuse st/ to do st
VD: Câu trực tiếp: “Would you like to go to Thu Le zoo to see monkeys with me?"
- Yes, I'd love to.
- No, thanks.
Câu gián tiếp: Hai invited Tra to go to the zoo to see monkeys with him and Tra accepted the invitation/ She agreed to go with him/ but Tra refused to go to see monkeys with him.
To offer sb st
VD: Câu trực tiếp: “Tea, please?”
"Would you like some tea?”
Câu gián tiếp: She offered me some tea.
Offer to do st (for sb)
VD: Câu trực tiếp: “Shall I clean the house for you?"
"I will clean the house for you if you like."
Câu gián tiếp: She offered to clean the house.
To suggest + V-ing
To suggest to (sb) that sb (should) V
To suggest one's + V-ing
VD: "Let's play truant," she said.
"Shall we play truant,” she said.
→ She suggested playing truant.
"Why don't you play truant?"
→ She suggested to me that I should play truant.
To congratulate sb on doing st
VD: "Congratulations! You won the first rank in the game".
→ He congratulated me on winning the first rank in the game.
To compliment sb on st
VD: "Your hair is beautiful, Miss Hang"
→ He complimented Miss Hang on her beautiful hair.
To apologize (to sb) for doing st
VD: "I'm sorry, I'm late.
→ She apologized to her teacher for being late.
Bài tập luyện.
Exercise 26. Choose the correct answer.
1. The last time I saw Jim, he looked very relaxed. He explained that he ___ on holiday the previous week.
A. has been
B. was
C. would be
D. had been
2. Judy suggested ___ for a walk, but no one else wanted to.
A. going
B. go
C. to go
D. went
3. Edward's interview was very intense. The interviewer wanted to know many factors about his personal life, and even asked him ___ had ever used any illegal drugs of any kind.
A. that if he
B. that he
C. if that he
D. whether he
4. Claire wanted to know what time ___.
A. do the banks close
B. the banks closed
C. did the banks close
D. the banks will close
5. The manager asked me how long ___ in my present job.
A. I had been working
B. I have been working
C. had I been working
D. have I worked
6. I don't know why Susan didn't go to the meeting. She said she ___.
A. will definitely go
B. was definitely going
C. had definitely go
D. would definitely going
7. Tom walked into the huge hall to register for classes. At first, he simply looked around and wondered ___ supposed to do.
A. was what he
B. what he was
C. if he was
D. that he was
8. I talked to Bob two weeks ago. I thought he wanted to know about my cat, but I misunderstood him. He asked me ___, not my cat.
A. where is my hat
B. where my hat is
C. where was my hat
D. where my hat was
Choose the sentence that has the same meaning as the root one.
9. 'I think I'll take the brown pair,' said the customer.
A. The customer decided to take the brown pair.
B. The customer told to take the brown pair.
C. The customer asked to take the brown pair.
D. The customer suggested to take the brown pair.
10. 'If you contact the police, the girl will die immediately,' said the kidnapper.
A. The kidnapper threatened not to contact the police if they killed the girl immediately.
B. The kidnapper ordered them not to contact the police, otherwise the girl would die immediately.
C. The kidnapper denied contacting the police if not they killed the girl immediately.
D. The kidnapper said if they contacted the police the girl would be died immediately.
11. Adrian to his wife: I'm sorry I was rude.
A. Adrian apologized to his wife for being rude.
B. Adrian apologized his wife for being rude.
C. Adrian apologized to his wife of being rude.
D. Adrian apologized his wife of his being rude.
12. 'Don't lean your bikes against my windows, boys,' said the shopkeeper.
A. The shopkeeper told the boys don't lean their bikes against his windows.
B. The shopkeeper told the boys not to lean your bikes against my windows.
C. The shopkeeper told the boys to not lean their bikes against his windows.
D. The shopkeeper told the boys not to lean their bikes against his windows.
13. 'Be very careful crossing roads,' she said, 'and remember to drive on the right'.
A. She warned them be very careful crossing roads and reminded me driving on the right.
B. She warned them very careful crossing roads and reminded me to drive on the right.
C. She warned them to be very careful crossing roads and reminded me to drive on the right.
D. She warned them to be very careful crossing roads and drive on the right.
Choose one phrase or clause that best completes each of the following sentences.
14. Julia's mother prevented her ___.
A. about going out tonight
B. from going out tonight
C. about going out that night
D. from going out that night
15. Jane ___ that she could not attend classes the following week.
A. advised her teacher
B. said her teacher
C. told her teacher
D. asked her teacher
16. I suggested to Ann that ___.
A. she should ring him and ask him what he thought
B. she ringing him and asking him what he thought
C. she ring him and ask him what he thinks
D. she should ring him and asked him what he thought
17. I reminded ___.
A. the children to write to their mother.
B. the children of writing to their mother.
C. that the children should write to their mother.
D. the children from writing to their mother.